Journal Description
Bioengineering
Bioengineering
is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of bioengineering, published monthly online by MDPI. The Society for Regenerative Medicine (Russian Federation) (RPO) is affiliated with Bioengineering and its members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Biomedical)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.6 (2022)
Latest Articles
Polyhydroxyalkanoate Copolymer Production by Recombinant Ralstonia eutropha Strain 1F2 from Fructose or Carbon Dioxide as Sole Carbon Source
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050455 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Ralstonia eutropha strain H16 is a chemoautotrophic bacterium that oxidizes hydrogen and accumulates poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] [P(3HB)], a prominent polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), within its cell. R. eutropha utilizes fructose or CO2 as its sole carbon source for this process. A PHA-negative mutant of
[...] Read more.
Ralstonia eutropha strain H16 is a chemoautotrophic bacterium that oxidizes hydrogen and accumulates poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] [P(3HB)], a prominent polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), within its cell. R. eutropha utilizes fructose or CO2 as its sole carbon source for this process. A PHA-negative mutant of strain H16, known as R. eutropha strain PHB−4, cannot produce PHA. Strain 1F2, derived from strain PHB−4, is a leucine analog-resistant mutant. Remarkably, the recombinant 1F2 strain exhibits the capacity to synthesize 3HB-based PHA copolymers containing 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) and 3-hydroxy-4-methyvalerate (3H4MV) comonomer units from fructose or CO2. This ability is conferred by the expression of a broad substrate-specific PHA synthase and tolerance to feedback inhibition of branched amino acids. However, the total amount of comonomer units incorporated into PHA was up to around 5 mol%. In this study, strain 1F2 underwent genetic engineering to augment the comonomer supply incorporated into PHA. This enhancement involved several modifications, including the additional expression of the broad substrate-specific 3-ketothiolase gene (bktB), the heterologous expression of the 2-ketoacid decarboxylase gene (kivd), and the phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase gene (padA). Furthermore, the genome of strain 1F2 was altered through the deletion of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene (hbdH). The introduction of bktB-kivd-padA resulted in increased 3HV incorporation, reaching 13.9 mol% from fructose and 6.4 mol% from CO2. Additionally, the hbdH deletion resulted in the production of PHA copolymers containing (S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate (3H2MP). Interestingly, hbdH deletion increased the weight-average molecular weight of the PHA to over 3.0 × 106 on fructose. Thus, it demonstrates the positive effects of hbdH deletion on the copolymer composition and molecular weight of PHA.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production, Volume 4)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Explainable DCNN Decision Framework for Breast Lesion Classification from Ultrasound Images Based on Cancer Characteristics
by
Alaa AlZoubi, Ali Eskandari, Harry Yu and Hongbo Du
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050453 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024
Abstract
In recent years, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have shown promising performance in medical image analysis, including breast lesion classification in 2D ultrasound (US) images. Despite the outstanding performance of DCNN solutions, explaining their decisions remains an open investigation. Yet, the explainability of
[...] Read more.
In recent years, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have shown promising performance in medical image analysis, including breast lesion classification in 2D ultrasound (US) images. Despite the outstanding performance of DCNN solutions, explaining their decisions remains an open investigation. Yet, the explainability of DCNN models has become essential for healthcare systems to accept and trust the models. This paper presents a novel framework for explaining DCNN classification decisions of lesions in ultrasound images using the saliency maps linking the DCNN decisions to known cancer characteristics in the medical domain. The proposed framework consists of three main phases. First, DCNN models for classification in ultrasound images are built. Next, selected methods for visualization are applied to obtain saliency maps on the input images of the DCNN models. In the final phase, the visualization outputs and domain-known cancer characteristics are mapped. The paper then demonstrates the use of the framework for breast lesion classification from ultrasound images. We first follow the transfer learning approach and build two DCNN models. We then analyze the visualization outputs of the trained DCNN models using the EGrad-CAM and Ablation-CAM methods. We map the DCNN model decisions of benign and malignant lesions through the visualization outputs to the characteristics such as echogenicity, calcification, shape, and margin. A retrospective dataset of 1298 US images collected from different hospitals is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the framework. The test results show that these characteristics contribute differently to the benign and malignant lesions’ decisions. Our study provides the foundation for other researchers to explain the DCNN classification decisions of other cancer types.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Technology in Biomedical Engineering—2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Postmortem Digital Image Correlation and Finite Element Modeling Demonstrate Posterior Scleral Deformations during Optic Nerve Adduction Tethering
by
Seongjin Lim, Changzoo Kim, Somaye Jafari, Joseph Park, Stephanie S. Garcia and Joseph L. Demer
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050452 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Postmortem human eyes were subjected to optic nerve (ON) traction in adduction and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to investigate scleral surface deformations. We incrementally adducted 11 eyes (age 74.1 ± 9.3 years, standard deviation) from 26° to 32° under normal IOP, during imaging
[...] Read more.
Postmortem human eyes were subjected to optic nerve (ON) traction in adduction and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) to investigate scleral surface deformations. We incrementally adducted 11 eyes (age 74.1 ± 9.3 years, standard deviation) from 26° to 32° under normal IOP, during imaging of the posterior globe, for analysis by three-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). In the same eyes, we performed uniaxial tensile testing in multiple regions of the sclera, ON, and ON sheath. Based on individual measurements, we analyzed eye-specific finite element models (FEMs) simulating adduction and IOP loading. Analysis of 3D-DIC showed that the nasal sclera up to 1 mm from the sheath border was significantly compressed during adduction. IOP elevation from 15 to 30 mmHg induced strains less than did adduction. Tensile testing demonstrated ON sheath stiffening above 3.4% strain, which was incorporated in FEMs of adduction tethering that was quantitatively consistent with changes in scleral deformation from 3D-DIC. Simulated IOP elevation to 30 mmHg did not induce scleral surface strains outside the ON sheath. ON tethering in incremental adduction from 26° to 32° compressed the nasal and stretched the temporal sclera adjacent to the ON sheath, more so than IOP elevation. The effect of ON tethering is influenced by strain stiffening of the ON sheath.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics Studies in Ophthalmology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
New Frontiers in Breast Cancer Imaging: The Rise of AI
by
Stephanie B. Shamir, Arielle L. Sasson, Laurie R. Margolies and David S. Mendelson
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050451 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been implemented in multiple fields of medicine to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. AI implementation in radiology, more specifically for breast imaging, has advanced considerably. Breast cancer is one of the most important causes of cancer
[...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been implemented in multiple fields of medicine to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. AI implementation in radiology, more specifically for breast imaging, has advanced considerably. Breast cancer is one of the most important causes of cancer mortality among women, and there has been increased attention towards creating more efficacious methods for breast cancer detection utilizing AI to improve radiologist accuracy and efficiency to meet the increasing demand of our patients. AI can be applied to imaging studies to improve image quality, increase interpretation accuracy, and improve time efficiency and cost efficiency. AI applied to mammography, ultrasound, and MRI allows for improved cancer detection and diagnosis while decreasing intra- and interobserver variability. The synergistic effect between a radiologist and AI has the potential to improve patient care in underserved populations with the intention of providing quality and equitable care for all. Additionally, AI has allowed for improved risk stratification. Further, AI application can have treatment implications as well by identifying upstage risk of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive carcinoma and by better predicting individualized patient response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. AI has potential for advancement in pre-operative 3-dimensional models of the breast as well as improved viability of reconstructive grafts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Breast Cancer Imaging)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Upper Midline Correction Using the Mesial-Distalslider
by
Maria Elena De Felice, Silvia Caruso, Maximilian Kueffer, Roberto Gatto and Benedict Wilmes
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050450 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of the present study is the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of molar and incisor movements that occur during the correction of the upper midline deviation by using the Mesial-Distalslider appliance. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 consecutive patients (12 women
[...] Read more.
Aim: The purpose of the present study is the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of molar and incisor movements that occur during the correction of the upper midline deviation by using the Mesial-Distalslider appliance. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 consecutive patients (12 women and 8 men; mean age 19.6 ± 11.1 years) were selected from the Orthodontic Department of Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf. To correct the upper midline deviation (>2 mm), the patients were treated with asymmetric mechanics (mesialization on one side and distalization on the contralateral side) with the aid of Mesial-Distalslider. Dental casts were taken for each patient before (T0) and after the treatment (T1). The casts were 3D digitized and the models were superimposed on the palatal anterior region. Three-dimensional molar movements and sagittal incisor movements (proclination and retroclination) were assessed for T0 and T1. Results: At the end of the treatment, the total movements of the molars resulted in 4.5 ± 2.2 mm (antero-posterior direction), −0.4 ± 2.4 mm (transverse direction) and 0.3 ± 0.9 mm (vertical direction) on the mesialization side, and −2.4 ± 1.7 mm (antero-posterior direction), −0.5 ± 1.5 mm (transverse direction) and 0.2 ± 1.4 mm (vertical direction) on the distalization side. Incisor displacement was 0.9 mm ± 1.7 (mesialization side) and 0.6 mm ± 0.7 (distalization side). Conclusion: The Mesial-Distalslider appliance could be considered a valuable tool in orthodontic treatment for upper midline correction. Within the limits of a retrospective study, asymmetric molar movements appeared possible without clinically relevant anchorage loss.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
OCT Intensity of the Region between Outer Retina Band 2 and Band 3 as a Biomarker for Retinal Degeneration and Therapy
by
Yong Zeng, Shasha Gao, Yichao Li, Dario Marangoni, Tharindu De Silva, Wai T. Wong, Emily Y. Chew, Xun Sun, Tiansen Li, Paul A. Sieving and Haohua Qian
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050449 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used to probe retinal structure and function. This study investigated the outer retina band (ORB) pattern and reflective intensity for the region between bands 2 and 3 (Dip) in three mouse models of inherited retinal degeneration (Rs1KO,
[...] Read more.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used to probe retinal structure and function. This study investigated the outer retina band (ORB) pattern and reflective intensity for the region between bands 2 and 3 (Dip) in three mouse models of inherited retinal degeneration (Rs1KO, TTLL5KO, RPE65KO) and in human AMD patients from the A2A database. OCT images were manually graded, and reflectivity signals were used to calculate the Dip ratio. Qualitative analyses demonstrated the progressive merging band 2 and band 3 in all three mouse models, leading to a reduction in the Dip ratio compared to wildtype (WT) controls. Gene replacement therapy in Rs1KO mice reverted the ORB pattern to one resembling WT and increased the Dip ratio. The degree of anatomical rescue in these mice was highly correlated with level of transgenic RS1 expression and with the restoration of ERG b-wave amplitudes. While the inner retinal cavity was significantly enlarged in dark-adapted Rs1KO mice, the Dip ratio was not altered. A reduction of the Dip ratio was also detected in AMD patients compared with healthy controls and was also positively correlated with AMD severity on the AMD score. We propose that the ORB and Dip ratio can be used as non-invasive early biomarkers for retina health, which can be used to probe therapeutic gene expression and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Imaging and Analysis of the Eye: Second Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Comparison of De-Torque and Failure Load Evaluation of Selective-Laser-Sintered CoCr, CAD-CAM ZrO, and Machined Implant Abutment/Restoration
by
Fahim Vohra, Rawan Alsaif, Rawaiz Khan and Ishfaq A. Bukhari
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050448 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to compare the torque loss, fracture load, compressive strength, and failure types of selective-laser-sintered cobalt chromium (SLM-Co-Cr), computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing zirconium oxide (CAD-CAM-ZrO), and machined titanium (Ti) implant abutments. Methods: Thirty endosseous dental implants were vertically embedded
[...] Read more.
Aim: This study aimed to compare the torque loss, fracture load, compressive strength, and failure types of selective-laser-sintered cobalt chromium (SLM-Co-Cr), computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing zirconium oxide (CAD-CAM-ZrO), and machined titanium (Ti) implant abutments. Methods: Thirty endosseous dental implants were vertically embedded with machined Ti (control group), CAD-CAM-ZrO, and SLM-Co-Cr abutments. Abutment fabrication involved CAD-CAM milling and SLM technology. The de-torque assessment included preload reverse torque values (RTVs), cyclic loading, and post-RTVs using a customized protocol. Fracture load assessment employed ISO-14801 standards, and statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA and Tukey Post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Results: In pre-load RTVs, SLM-Co-Cr showed the lowest mean torque loss (24.30 ± 2.13), followed by machined Ti (27.33 ± 2.74) and CAD-CAM-ZrO (22.07 ± 2.20). Post-load RTVs decreased for all groups. Fracture load and compressive strength were highest for SLM-Co-Cr, with significant differences among groups (p < 0.001). Fracture types included abutment failures in SLM-Co-Cr and machined Ti, while CAD-CAM-ZrO exhibited crown separation with deformation. Conclusion: SLM-Co-Cr-fabricated implant abutments exhibited superior stability and resistance to rotational forces, higher fracture loads, and greater compressive strength compared to CAD-CAM-ZrO and machined Ti.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Dental Biomaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
AGSAM: Agent-Guided Segment Anything Model for Automatic Segmentation in Few-Shot Scenarios
by
Hao Zhou, Yao He, Xiaoxiao Cui and Zhi Xie
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050447 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Precise medical image segmentation of regions of interest (ROIs) is crucial for accurate disease diagnosis and progression assessment. However, acquiring high-quality annotated data at the pixel level poses a significant challenge due to the resource-intensive nature of this process. This scarcity of high-quality
[...] Read more.
Precise medical image segmentation of regions of interest (ROIs) is crucial for accurate disease diagnosis and progression assessment. However, acquiring high-quality annotated data at the pixel level poses a significant challenge due to the resource-intensive nature of this process. This scarcity of high-quality annotated data results in few-shot scenarios, which are highly prevalent in clinical applications. To address this obstacle, this paper introduces Agent-Guided SAM (AGSAM), an innovative approach that transforms the Segment Anything Model (SAM) into a fully automated segmentation method by automating prompt generation. Capitalizing on the pre-trained feature extraction and decoding capabilities of SAM-Med2D, AGSAM circumvents the need for manual prompt engineering, ensuring adaptability across diverse segmentation methods. Furthermore, the proposed feature augmentation convolution module (FACM) enhances model accuracy by promoting stable feature representations. Experimental evaluations demonstrate AGSAM’s consistent superiority over other methods across various metrics. These findings highlight AGSAM’s efficacy in tackling the challenges associated with limited annotated data while achieving high-quality medical image segmentation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessSystematic Review
Wound Modulations in Glaucoma Surgery: A Systematic Review
by
Bhoomi Dave, Monica Patel, Sruthi Suresh, Mahija Ginjupalli, Arvind Surya, Mohannad Albdour and Karanjit S. Kooner
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050446 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Excessive fibrosis and resultant poor control of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduce the efficacy of glaucoma surgeries. Historically, corticosteroids and anti-fibrotic agents, such as mitomycin C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), have been used to mitigate post-surgical fibrosis, but these have unpredictable outcomes. Therefore, there
[...] Read more.
Excessive fibrosis and resultant poor control of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduce the efficacy of glaucoma surgeries. Historically, corticosteroids and anti-fibrotic agents, such as mitomycin C (MMC) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), have been used to mitigate post-surgical fibrosis, but these have unpredictable outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel treatments which provide increased effectiveness and specificity. This review aims to provide insight into the pathophysiology behind wound healing in glaucoma surgery, as well as the current and promising future wound healing agents that are less toxic and may provide better IOP control.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Meeting Challenges in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
An Automated Video Analysis System for Retrospective Assessment and Real-Time Monitoring of Endoscopic Procedures (with Video)
by
Yan Zhu, Ling Du, Pei-Yao Fu, Zi-Han Geng, Dan-Feng Zhang, Wei-Feng Chen, Quan-Lin Li and Ping-Hong Zhou
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050445 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Background and Aims: Accurate recognition of endoscopic instruments facilitates quantitative evaluation and quality control of endoscopic procedures. However, no relevant research has been reported. In this study, we aimed to develop a computer-assisted system, EndoAdd, for automated endoscopic surgical video analysis based on
[...] Read more.
Background and Aims: Accurate recognition of endoscopic instruments facilitates quantitative evaluation and quality control of endoscopic procedures. However, no relevant research has been reported. In this study, we aimed to develop a computer-assisted system, EndoAdd, for automated endoscopic surgical video analysis based on our dataset of endoscopic instrument images. Methods: Large training and validation datasets containing 45,143 images of 10 different endoscopic instruments and a test dataset of 18,375 images collected from several medical centers were used in this research. Annotated image frames were used to train the state-of-the-art object detection model, YOLO-v5, to identify the instruments. Based on the frame-level prediction results, we further developed a hidden Markov model to perform video analysis and generate heatmaps to summarize the videos. Results: EndoAdd achieved high accuracy (>97%) on the test dataset for all 10 endoscopic instrument types. The mean average accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score were 99.1%, 92.0%, 88.8%, and 89.3%, respectively. The area under the curve values exceeded 0.94 for all instrument types. Heatmaps of endoscopic procedures were generated for both retrospective and real-time analyses. Conclusions: We successfully developed an automated endoscopic video analysis system, EndoAdd, which supports retrospective assessment and real-time monitoring. It can be used for data analysis and quality control of endoscopic procedures in clinical practice.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Biomedical Image and Processing with Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Innovations in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
by
Ting Chak Lam and Yiu Yan Leung
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050444 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
The field of peripheral nerve regeneration is a dynamic and rapidly evolving area of research that continues to captivate the attention of neuroscientists worldwide. The quest for effective treatments and therapies to enhance the healing of peripheral nerves has gained significant momentum in
[...] Read more.
The field of peripheral nerve regeneration is a dynamic and rapidly evolving area of research that continues to captivate the attention of neuroscientists worldwide. The quest for effective treatments and therapies to enhance the healing of peripheral nerves has gained significant momentum in recent years, as evidenced by the substantial increase in publications dedicated to this field. This surge in interest reflects the growing recognition of the importance of peripheral nerve recovery and the urgent need to develop innovative strategies to address nerve injuries. In this context, this article aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by providing a comprehensive review that encompasses both biomaterial and clinical perspectives. By exploring the utilization of nerve guidance conduits and pharmacotherapy, this article seeks to shed light on the remarkable advancements made in the field of peripheral nerve regeneration. Nerve guidance conduits, which act as artificial channels to guide regenerating nerves, have shown promising results in facilitating nerve regrowth and functional recovery. Additionally, pharmacotherapy approaches have emerged as potential avenues for promoting nerve regeneration, with various therapeutic agents being investigated for their neuroprotective and regenerative properties. The pursuit of advancing the field of peripheral nerve regeneration necessitates persistent investment in research and development. Continued exploration of innovative treatments, coupled with a deeper understanding of the intricate processes involved in nerve regeneration, holds the promise of unlocking the complete potential of these groundbreaking interventions. By fostering collaboration among scientists, clinicians, and industry partners, we can accelerate progress in this field, bringing us closer to the realization of transformative therapies that restore function and quality of life for individuals affected by peripheral nerve injuries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Nerve Regeneration)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Deep Learning-Based Detection of Glottis Segmentation Failures
by
Armin A. Dadras and Philipp Aichinger
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050443 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Medical image segmentation is crucial for clinical applications, but challenges persist due to noise and variability. In particular, accurate glottis segmentation from high-speed videos is vital for voice research and diagnostics. Manual searching for failed segmentations is labor-intensive, prompting interest in automated methods.
[...] Read more.
Medical image segmentation is crucial for clinical applications, but challenges persist due to noise and variability. In particular, accurate glottis segmentation from high-speed videos is vital for voice research and diagnostics. Manual searching for failed segmentations is labor-intensive, prompting interest in automated methods. This paper proposes the first deep learning approach for detecting faulty glottis segmentations. For this purpose, faulty segmentations are generated by applying both a poorly performing neural network and perturbation procedures to three public datasets. Heavy data augmentations are added to the input until the neural network’s performance decreases to the desired mean intersection over union (IoU). Likewise, the perturbation procedure involves a series of image transformations to the original ground truth segmentations in a randomized manner. These data are then used to train a ResNet18 neural network with custom loss functions to predict the IoU scores of faulty segmentations. This value is then thresholded with a fixed IoU of 0.6 for classification, thereby achieving 88.27% classification accuracy with 91.54% specificity. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented approach. Contributions include: (i) a knowledge-driven perturbation procedure, (ii) a deep learning framework for scoring and detecting faulty glottis segmentations, and (iii) an evaluation of custom loss functions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
PA12 Surface Treatment and Its Effect on Compatibility with Nutritional Culture Medium to Maintain Cell Vitality and Proliferation
by
Norbert Ferencik, Maria Danko, Zuzana Nadova, Petra Kolembusova and William Steingartner
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050442 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This research investigates the suitability of printed polyamide 12 (PA12) and its dyed version to support cells in bioengineering applications. For this purpose, human gingival fibroblasts (hGF06) were cultured on PA-12 scaffolds that were 3D-printed by Multi Jet Fusion (MJF). The study examined
[...] Read more.
This research investigates the suitability of printed polyamide 12 (PA12) and its dyed version to support cells in bioengineering applications. For this purpose, human gingival fibroblasts (hGF06) were cultured on PA-12 scaffolds that were 3D-printed by Multi Jet Fusion (MJF). The study examined the direct cultivation of cells on MJF-printed cell culture scaffolds and the effect of leachate of PA-12 printed by MJF on the cultured cells. The article presents research on the surface treatment of PA12 material used in 3D printing and the effect of automatic staining on cell vitality and proliferation in vitro. The study presents a unique device designed exclusively for staining prints made of the biocompatible material PA12 and demonstrates the compatibility of 3D-printed polyamide 12 parts stained in the novel device with a nutrient culture medium and cells. This novel PA12 surface treatment for biomedical purposes does not affect the compatibility with the culture medium, which is essential for cell viability and proliferation. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that mitochondrial fitness and cell survival were not affected by prolonged incubation with clear or dyed PA12 3D-printed parts.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Ultra-High Contrast MRI: Using Divided Subtracted Inversion Recovery (dSIR) and Divided Echo Subtraction (dES) Sequences to Study the Brain and Musculoskeletal System
by
Daniel Cornfeld, Paul Condron, Gil Newburn, Josh McGeown, Miriam Scadeng, Mark Bydder, Mark Griffin, Geoffrey Handsfield, Meeghage Randika Perera, Tracy Melzer, Samantha Holdsworth, Eryn Kwon and Graeme Bydder
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050441 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
Divided and subtracted MRI is a novel imaging processing technique, where the difference of two images is divided by their sum. When the sequence parameters are chosen properly, this results in images with a high T1 or T2 weighting over a
[...] Read more.
Divided and subtracted MRI is a novel imaging processing technique, where the difference of two images is divided by their sum. When the sequence parameters are chosen properly, this results in images with a high T1 or T2 weighting over a small range of tissues with specific T1 and T2 values. In the T1 domain, we describe the implementation of the divided Subtracted Inversion Recovery Sequence (dSIR), which is used to image very small changes in T1 from normal in white matter. dSIR has shown widespread changes in otherwise normal-appearing white matter in patients suffering from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), substance abuse, and ischemic leukoencephalopathy. It can also be targeted to measure small changes in T1 from normal in other tissues. In the T2 domain, we describe the divided echo subtraction (dES) sequence that is used to image musculoskeletal tissues with a very short T2*. These tissues include fascia, tendons, and aponeuroses. In this manuscript, we explain how this contrast is generated, review how these techniques are used in our research, and discuss the current challenges and limitations of this technique.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel MRI Techniques and Biomedical Image Processing)
Open AccessArticle
Unveiling the Unpredictable in Parkinson’s Disease: Sensor-Based Monitoring of Dyskinesias and Freezing of Gait in Daily Life
by
Alessandro Zampogna, Luigi Borzì, Domiziana Rinaldi, Carlo Alberto Artusi, Gabriele Imbalzano, Martina Patera, Leonardo Lopiano, Francesco Pontieri, Gabriella Olmo and Antonio Suppa
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050440 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
Background: Dyskinesias and freezing of gait are episodic disorders in Parkinson’s disease, characterized by a fluctuating and unpredictable nature. This cross-sectional study aims to objectively monitor Parkinsonian patients experiencing dyskinesias and/or freezing of gait during activities of daily living and assess possible changes
[...] Read more.
Background: Dyskinesias and freezing of gait are episodic disorders in Parkinson’s disease, characterized by a fluctuating and unpredictable nature. This cross-sectional study aims to objectively monitor Parkinsonian patients experiencing dyskinesias and/or freezing of gait during activities of daily living and assess possible changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters. Methods: Seventy-one patients with Parkinson’s disease (40 with dyskinesias and 33 with freezing of gait) were continuously monitored at home for a minimum of 5 days using a single wearable sensor. Dedicated machine-learning algorithms were used to categorize patients based on the occurrence of dyskinesias and freezing of gait. Additionally, specific spatiotemporal gait parameters were compared among patients with and without dyskinesias and/or freezing of gait. Results: The wearable sensor algorithms accurately classified patients with and without dyskinesias as well as those with and without freezing of gait based on the recorded dyskinesias and freezing of gait episodes. Standard spatiotemporal gait parameters did not differ significantly between patients with and without dyskinesias or freezing of gait. Both the time spent with dyskinesias and the number of freezing of gait episodes positively correlated with the disease severity and medication dosage. Conclusions: A single inertial wearable sensor shows promise in monitoring complex, episodic movement patterns, such as dyskinesias and freezing of gait, during daily activities. This approach may help implement targeted therapeutic and preventive strategies for Parkinson’s disease.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Health Management, Nursing and Rehabilitation Technology)
Open AccessArticle
Bioprinting of Perfusable, Biocompatible Vessel-like Channels with dECM-Based Bioinks and Living Cells
by
Marta Klak, Michał Rachalewski, Anna Filip, Tomasz Dobrzański, Andrzej Berman and Michał Wszoła
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050439 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the production of bioinks that on the one hand, are biocompatible and, on the other hand, have mechanical properties that allow for the production of stable constructs that can survive for a long time after transplantation. While
[...] Read more.
There is a growing interest in the production of bioinks that on the one hand, are biocompatible and, on the other hand, have mechanical properties that allow for the production of stable constructs that can survive for a long time after transplantation. While the selection of the right material is crucial for bioprinting, there is another equally important issue that is currently being extensively researched—the incorporation of the vascular system into the fabricated scaffolds. Therefore, in the following manuscript, we present the results of research on bioink with unique physico-chemical and biological properties. In this article, two methods of seeding cells were tested using bioink B and seeding after bioprinting the whole model. After 2, 5, 8, or 24 h of incubation, the flow medium was used in the tested systems. At the end of the experimental trial, for each time variant, the canals were stored in formaldehyde, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine the presence of cells on the canal walls and roof. Cells adhered to both ways of fiber arrangement; however, a parallel bioprint with the 5 h incubation and the intermediate plating of cells resulted in better adhesion efficiency. For this test variant, the percentage of cells that adhered was at least 20% higher than in the other analyzed variants. In addition, it was for this variant that the lowest percentage of viable cells was found that were washed out of the tested model. Importantly, hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that after 8 days of culture, the cells were evenly distributed throughout the canal roof. Our study clearly shows that neovascularization-promoting cells effectively adhere to ECM-based pancreatic bioink. Summarizing the presented results, it was demonstrated that the proposed bioink compositions can be used for bioprinting bionic organs with a vascular system formed by endothelial cells and fibroblasts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Bioprinting Advanced Vascularized Tissues and Organs)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Mendelian Randomization Reveals: Triglycerides and Sensorineural Hearing Loss
by
Shun Ding, Yixuan Liu, Tingting Duan, Peng Fang, Qiling Tong, Huawei Li and Huiqian Yu
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050438 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
Background: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a multifactorial disorder with potential links to various physiological systems, including the cardiovascular system via blood lipid levels such as triglycerides (TG). This study investigates the causal relationship between TG levels and SNHL using Mendelian randomization (MR),
[...] Read more.
Background: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a multifactorial disorder with potential links to various physiological systems, including the cardiovascular system via blood lipid levels such as triglycerides (TG). This study investigates the causal relationship between TG levels and SNHL using Mendelian randomization (MR), which offers a method to reduce confounding and reverse causality by using genetic variants as instrumental variables. Methods: Utilizing publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, we performed a two-sample MR analysis. The initial analysis unveiled a causal relationship between TG (GWAS ID: ebi-a-GCST90018975) and SNHL (GWAS ID: finn b-H8_HL_SEN-NAS). Subsequent analysis validated this through MR with a larger sample size for TG (GWAS ID: ieu-b-111) and SNHL. To conduct the MR analysis, we utilized several methods including inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode. We also employed Cochrane’s Q test to identify any heterogeneity in the MR results. To detect horizontal pleiotropy, we conducted the MR-Egger intercept test and MR pleiotropy residual sum and outliers (MR-PRESSO) test. We performed a leave-one-out analysis to assess the sensitivity of this association. Finally, a meta-analysis of the MR results was undertaken. Results: Our study found a significant positive correlation between TG and SNHL, with OR values of 1.14 (95% CI: 1.07–1.23, p < 0.001) in the IVW analysis and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.03–1.16, p < 0.006) in the replicate analysis. We also found no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity between the genetic variants (p > 0.05), and a leave-one-out test confirmed the stability and robustness of this association. The meta-analysis combining the initial and replicate analyses showed a significant causal effect with OR values of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06–1.16, p = 0.01). Conclusion: These findings indicate TG as a risk factor for SNHL, suggesting potential pathways for prevention and intervention in populations at risk. This conclusion underscores the importance of managing TG levels as a strategy to mitigate the risk of developing SNHL.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Repair of Rat Calvarial Critical-Sized Defects Using Heparin-Conjugated Fibrin Hydrogel Containing BMP-2 and Adipose-Derived Pericytes
by
Gulshakhar Kudaibergen, Sholpan Mukhlis, Ainur Mukhambetova, Assel Issabekova, Aliya Sekenova, Madina Sarsenova, Abay Temirzhan, Murat Baidarbekov, Baurzhan Umbayev and Vyacheslav Ogay
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050437 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
The repair of critical-sized calvarial defects is a challenging problem for orthopedic surgery. One of the promising strategies of bone bioengineering to enhance the efficacy of large bone defect regeneration is the combined delivery of stem cells with osteoinductive factors within polymer carriers.
[...] Read more.
The repair of critical-sized calvarial defects is a challenging problem for orthopedic surgery. One of the promising strategies of bone bioengineering to enhance the efficacy of large bone defect regeneration is the combined delivery of stem cells with osteoinductive factors within polymer carriers. The purpose of the research was to study the regenerative effects of heparin-conjugated fibrin (HCF) hydrogel containing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and adipose-derived pericytes (ADPs) in a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model. In vitro analysis revealed that the HCF hydrogel was able to control the BMP-2 release and induce alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in neonatal rat osteoblasts. In addition, it was found that eluted BMP-2 significantly induced the osteogenic differentiation of ADPs. It was characterized by the increased ALP activity, osteocalcin expression and calcium deposits in ADPs. In vivo studies have shown that both HCF hydrogel with BMP-2 and HCF hydrogel with pericytes are able to significantly increase the regeneration of critical-sized calvarial defects in comparison with the control group. Nevertheless, the greatest regenerative effect was found after the co-delivery of ADPs and BMP-2 into a critical-sized calvarial defect. Thus, our findings suggest that the combined delivery of ADPs and BMP-2 in HCF hydrogel holds promise to be applied as an alternative biopolymer for the critical-sized bone defect restoration.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering and Translational Research)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Hybrid Materials for Vascular Applications: A Preliminary In Vitro Assessment
by
Martina Todesco, Martina Casarin, Deborah Sandrin, Laura Astolfi, Filippo Romanato, Germana Giuggioli, Fabio Conte, Gino Gerosa, Chiara Giulia Fontanella and Andrea Bagno
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050436 - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
The production of biomedical devices able to appropriately interact with the biological environment is still a great challenge. Synthetic materials are often employed, but they fail to replicate the biological and functional properties of native tissues, leading to a variety of adverse effects.
[...] Read more.
The production of biomedical devices able to appropriately interact with the biological environment is still a great challenge. Synthetic materials are often employed, but they fail to replicate the biological and functional properties of native tissues, leading to a variety of adverse effects. Several commercial products are based on chemically treated xenogeneic tissues: their principal drawback is due to weak mechanical stability and low durability. Recently, decellularization has been proposed to bypass the drawbacks of both synthetic and biological materials. Acellular materials can integrate with host tissues avoiding/mitigating any foreign body response, but they often lack sufficient patency and impermeability. The present paper investigates an innovative approach to the realization of hybrid materials that combine decellularized bovine pericardium with polycarbonate urethanes. These hybrid materials benefit from the superior biocompatibility of the biological tissue and the mechanical properties of the synthetic polymers. They were assessed from physicochemical, structural, mechanical, and biological points of view; their ability to promote cell growth was also investigated. The decellularized pericardium and the polymer appeared to well adhere to each other, and the two sides were distinguishable. The maximum elongation of hybrid materials was mainly affected by the pericardium, which allows for lower elongation than the polymer; this latter, in turn, influenced the maximum strength achieved. The results confirmed the promising features of hybrid materials for the production of vascular grafts able to be repopulated by circulating cells, thus, improving blood compatibility.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid and Composite Biomaterials for Healthcare: Toward Innovative Approaches)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evaluation of Skin Wound Healing with Biosheets Containing Somatic Stem Cells in a Dog Model: A Pilot Study
by
Noritaka Maeta, Ryosuke Iwai, Hiroshi Takemitsu, Natsuki Akashi, Masahiro Miyabe, Marina Funayama-Iwai and Yasuhide Nakayama
Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050435 - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
The administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has a positive effect on wound healing; however, the lack of adequate MSC engraftment at the wound site is a major limiting factor in current MSC-based therapies. In this study, a biosheet prepared using in-body tissue
[...] Read more.
The administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has a positive effect on wound healing; however, the lack of adequate MSC engraftment at the wound site is a major limiting factor in current MSC-based therapies. In this study, a biosheet prepared using in-body tissue architecture (iBTA) was used as a material to address these problems. This study aimed to assess and evaluate whether biosheets containing somatic stem cells would affect the wound healing process in dogs. Biosheets were prepared by subcutaneously embedding molds in beagles. These were then evaluated grossly and histologically, and the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, interleukins, and Nanog was examined in some biosheets. Skin defects were created on the skin of the beagles to which the biosheets were applied. The wound healing processes of the biosheet and control (no biosheet application) groups were compared for 8 weeks. Nanog mRNA was expressed in the biosheets, and SSEA4/CD105 positive cells were observed histologically. Although the wound contraction rates differed significantly in the first week, the biosheet group tended to heal faster than the control group. This study revealed that biosheets containing somatic stem cells may have a positive effect on wound healing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Regenerative Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Bioengineering Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Bioengineering, Biomolecules, Cancers, Diseases, Nanomaterials, Pharmaceutics
Dynamic Nano-Biomaterials in Tissue Regeneration and Cancer Therapies
Topic Editors: Ramar Thangam, Heemin Kang, Bibin G. Anand, Ramachandran Vijayan, Venugopal KrishnanDeadline: 15 May 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Bioengineering, Fermentation, Processes, Water
Bioreactors: Control, Optimization and Applications - 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Francesca Raganati, Alessandra ProcenteseDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Agriculture, Bioengineering, Genes, IJMS, Plants
Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
Topic Editors: Amy L. Klocko, Jianjun Chen, Haiwei LuDeadline: 30 September 2024
Topic in
Applied Microbiology, Bioengineering, Biology, Environments, Microorganisms
Environmental Bioengineering and Geomicrobiology
Topic Editors: Xian-Chun Zeng, Deng LiuDeadline: 20 December 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Bioengineering
Interventional Radiology and Vascular Medicine
Guest Editors: Mohammad Ghasemi Rad, Daye DaniaDeadline: 5 May 2024
Special Issue in
Bioengineering
Bioengineering Strategies for Plant Disease Resistance
Guest Editors: Rui Wang, Di Wu, Jianguo ManDeadline: 15 May 2024
Special Issue in
Bioengineering
New Strategies to Treat Corneal Endothelial Diseases: Cell Therapy, Bioengineering of Corneal Grafts and Pharmacological Treatment
Guest Editors: Zhiguo He, Gilles Thuret, Sylvain PoinardDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Bioengineering
Engineering of Oral Biofilms
Guest Editors: Kassapa Ellepola, Yuan LiuDeadline: 20 June 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Bioengineering
Nanoparticles for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications
Collection Editor: Wassana Yantasee
Topical Collection in
Bioengineering
Extracellular Matrix in Engineered Microenvironments for 3D Cell Culture, Tissue Reconstruction, and Disease Modelling In Vitro - 2nd Edition
Collection Editor: Anna E. Guller
Topical Collection in
Bioengineering
Bioprinting in Healthcare and Therapeutic Continuity
Collection Editors: Ruben Foresti, Maddalena Botti, Fabio Leonardi, Pasquale D'Angelo, Roberto Sala
Topical Collection in
Bioengineering
Feature Papers in Advanced Computational Technologies for Biosignal Processing
Collection Editors: Yunfeng Wu, Shi Qiu, Behnaz Ghoraani